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Language test results are required for many Canadian immigration programs. The correct test, test version, and language level depend on the immigration program and your individual circumstances.
IN THIS GUIDE
Tests Accepted for Express Entry
Choose the Correct Test Version
Book Through the Official Provider
Tests Accepted for Express Entry
For Express Entry, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, IRCC, currently accepts these language tests:
Language
Accepted test
English
CELPIP General
English
IELTS General Training
English
PTE Core
French
TEF Canada
French
TCF Canada
Do not book IELTS Academic, CELPIP General LS, or IELTS One Skill Retake for Express Entry. These are not accepted for Express Entry.
Need detailed TCF Canada booking steps? Read How to Book TCF Canada for Canada Immigration.
Choose the Correct Test Version
Before you book, check the current IRCC language test requirements for your exact immigration program. A test that is accepted for Express Entry may not be the right test for citizenship or another immigration program.
For Express Entry, language test results must be less than two years old when you complete your profile and when you submit your permanent residence application.
Book Through the Official Provider
Book directly through the official test provider or an official test centre. Test fees, availability, result timing, cancellation rules, and centres can change, so do not rely on an older guide or a third party booking service.
Official sources: IRCC language test requirements | CELPIP | IELTS | PTE Core | TEF Canada | TCF Canada
Related Articles
How to Book IELTS General Training Read more →
How to Book CELPIP Read more →
How to Book TCF Canada for Immigration Read more →
Prepared by KGraph Immigration. Last updated July 2026. General information, not legal advice.
If you are applying to immigrate to Canada through Express Entry or a Provincial Nominee Program, you need proof of your English ability from a test that IRCC approves. If you choose IELTS, there is only one version that counts: IELTS General Training.
IN THIS GUIDE
Which IELTS test does IRCC accept
What score do you actually need
How to book, step by step
Paper or computer: which to book
Test day: what to bring and what to leave
Getting your results and using them
Common mistakes
Questions people actually ask
This page walks you through exactly which test to book, what score you need, what it costs, how to book it, and what happens on test day.
Which IELTS test does IRCC accept
IRCC accepts these language tests for Express Entry. For English: CELPIP General, IELTS General Training, and PTE Core. For French: TEF Canada and TCF Canada (IRCC Express Entry language test results).
Two things to be very clear about, because they come straight from IRCC:
You must take the IELTS General Training option. IELTS Academic is not accepted for Express Entry.
IRCC does not accept IELTS One Skill Retake for Express Entry. If you sit a One Skill Retake to fix a weak band, that result cannot be used in your Express Entry profile.
Your test results must be less than 2 years old both when you complete your Express Entry profile and when you submit your application for permanent residence (IRCC Express Entry language test results).
What score do you actually need
IRCC does not read your IELTS bands directly. It converts them into Canadian Language Benchmarks (CLB). This is the official IELTS General Training to CLB conversion table published by IRCC (IRCC Express Entry language test results):
CLB level
Reading
Writing
Listening
Speaking
10
8.0
7.5
8.5
7.5
9
7.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
8
6.5
6.5
7.5
6.5
7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6
5.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
5
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4
3.5
4.0
4.5
4.0
Language requirements depend on the Express Entry program and, where relevant, the work classification. Check the current IRCC language test requirements for the program you plan to use.
If you claim a second official language, the minimum is CLB or NCLC 5 in speaking and listening and CLB or NCLC 4 in reading and writing.
How to book, step by step
Confirm you need General Training. For Express Entry, confirm that IELTS General Training is the accepted IELTS option. If you are applying through another immigration program, check that program's current language test requirement before booking., it is General Training. Academic is for university admission and it will not be accepted.
Use the official IELTS booking website or an approved test centre to find a current session in your chosen location.
Pick paper or computer. See the comparison below. Choose the delivery format that suits your preparation, availability, and selected test centre..
Register with the exact ID you will bring on test day. You register with your passport (or, in Canada, your Permanent Resident Card if that is what you use). Your name on the booking must match your ID character for character, because that name goes on your Test Report Form and IRCC will compare it to your passport.
Paper or computer: which to book
Feature
IELTS on paper
IELTS on computer
Check before booking
Delivery format
Complete Reading, Writing, and Listening on paper.
Complete Reading, Writing, and Listening on computer.
Confirm current availability, result information, and Speaking arrangements with the selected provider or test centre.
Sources: IDP IELTS Canada test day and results pages (https://ielts.idp.com/canada/about/test-day/what-to-bring and https://ielts.idp.com/canada/about/what-is-ielts/ielts-faq/when-can-i-get-my-test-results).
What the test looks like
Section
Time
What you do
Listening
About 30 minutes, 4 parts, 40 questions. On paper you get 10 extra minutes to transfer answers
Recordings played once only
Reading
60 minutes, 3 sections, 40 questions
Everyday and workplace texts, not academic papers
Writing
60 minutes, 2 tasks
Task 1: a letter of at least 150 words. Task 2: an essay of at least 250 words
Speaking
11 to 14 minutes, 3 parts
Face to face interview with an examiner
Total test time is about 2 hours 45 minutes. Listening, Reading and Writing are done on the same day with no breaks in between. The Speaking test may be scheduled up to a week before or after the other sections (IRCC Express Entry language test results).
Test day: what to bring and what to leave at home
Follow the current instructions in your booking confirmation and from your selected test centre. Confirm the identification you must bring, arrival time, permitted items, and any centre specific rules before test day. IELTS test day guidance.
Getting your results and using them
Check the current provider guidance for result access, Test Report Form information, reviews of results, and future test booking options. If your score is below the level you need, compare each language ability with the relevant official requirement before deciding your next step.
For Express Entry, you enter your band scores into your profile yourself, along with your TRF number and the test date. IRCC does not need a sealed envelope from the test centre for the Express Entry profile stage.
One Skill Retake: it exists, it is cheaper, and IRCC will not accept it for Express Entry. Do not use it to fix an Express Entry score.
Common mistakes
Check
Why it matters
Booking IELTS Academic.
IELTS Academic is not accepted for Express Entry, and no appeal will change that. Check the test name on your booking confirmation before you pay.
Using One Skill Retake for Express Entry.
IRCC states plainly that it does not accept it for Express Entry.
Letting the 2-year clock run out.
Your results must be under two years old when you create your profile and again when you submit your PR application.
Name mismatches.
The name on your Test Report Form must match your passport. If your booking says Kumar S and your passport says Suresh Kumar, expect trouble.
Questions people actually ask
Q: Is IELTS General or Academic needed for Express Entry?
General Training. IRCC says you must take the IELTS General Training option. Academic results are not accepted, even if you took the Academic test for a university application. com/canada-immigration-discussion-board/threads/ielts-general-or-academic-for-express-entry.500235/)
Q: Where do I find my TRF number?
It is printed on your Test Report Form. IRCC Express Entry language test results).
Q: Can I enter my scores in my Express Entry profile before the paper TRF arrives in the mail?
IRCC Express Entry language test results). Your online result gives you your bands and your TRF number, which is what the profile asks for. Keep the original TRF safe once it arrives, because you may need it later in the process.
Q: Does IRCC accept the IELTS One Skill Retake?
No. IRCC states it does not accept IELTS One Skill Retake for Express Entry. IRCC Express Entry language test results).
Q: I took Academic by mistake. Can I still use it?
No. You will need to sit IELTS General Training and pay again.
Q: How many times can I retake IELTS?
As many times as you want. There is no mandatory waiting period between full tests. The limit is your budget and your test date availability.
Q: How long is my IELTS result good for?
Two years, and it must be under two years old at two separate moments: when you complete your Express Entry profile, and when you submit your PR application.
Not sure which pathway is right for you? Start with a free initial eligibility assessment so KGraph can better understand your immigration goals. This preliminary assessment is not a consultation, legal opinion, confirmation of eligibility, or guarantee of approval.
Start Your Free Initial Eligibility Assessment
Related Articles
Language Tests: Which Test to Book Read more →
How to Book CELPIP Read more →
How to Book TCF Canada for Immigration Read more →
Prepared by KGraph Immigration. Last updated July 2026. General information, not legal advice.
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Booking the right English test is a critical step in your Canadian immigration journey. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) accepts the Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program, known as CELPIP, for Express Entry and for citizenship. This guide covers which version you need, what it costs, how to book it correctly, the rules that get people turned away at the door, and how your score maps to the Canadian Language Benchmarks.
IN THIS GUIDE
Test format and timing
How to book your CELPIP test
Cancellations and transfers
Test day rules
Results and validity
Questions people actually ask
Which CELPIP test do you need?
Choosing the correct version matters. IRCC will not accept the wrong one, and there is no way to convert a result after the fact.
Purpose
Correct test
Skills tested
Canadian fee
Length
Express Entry and economic permanent residence programs
CELPIP General
Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking
CAD $295 plus applicable taxes
Under 2 hours and 50 minutes
Canadian citizenship
CELPIP General LS, or the full CELPIP General
Listening and Speaking
CAD $199 plus applicable taxes
About 70 minutes
For Express Entry and other permanent residence programs, IRCC states plainly that you must take the CELPIP General test. CELPIP General LS is not accepted for Express Entry, because it measures only two of the four abilities IRCC scores.
For citizenship, IRCC accepts either version. Applicants aged 18 to 54 who must prove language ability need a result of 4 or higher in Listening and Speaking, which is CLB 4.
The fees above are the Canadian prices. International pricing varies by country, so confirm the amount at checkout in your own currency.
Test format and timing
CELPIP General is taken in one sitting. There is no separate face to face speaking appointment on another day, which is one of the main practical differences from IELTS.
Component
Time allotted
Listening
46 to 55 minutes
Reading
43 to 56 minutes
Writing
53 minutes
Speaking
15 minutes
The test is fully computer delivered, but it must be completed in person at an authorised CELPIP test centre. You cannot take it from home. CELPIP is developed and delivered by Paragon Testing Enterprises, which was acquired by Prometric Canada in 2021, and the brand now appears as Prometric on the official site.
Understanding your CELPIP score
CELPIP levels map one to one to the Canadian Language Benchmarks. This is the simplest score conversion of any test IRCC accepts.
CELPIP level
CLB level
4
CLB 4
5
CLB 5
6
CLB 6
7
CLB 7
8
CLB 8
9
CLB 9
10
CLB 10
11
CLB 11
12
CLB 12
There is no universal pass mark. The score you need depends on the program you are applying to.
Express Entry program
Minimum requirement
Canadian Experience Class, work experience in TEER 0 or 1
CLB 7 in all four abilities
Canadian Experience Class, work experience in TEER 2 or 3
CLB 5 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Worker Program, first official language
CLB 7 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Worker Program, second official language
CLB 5 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Trades Program
CLB 5 in Speaking and Listening, CLB 4 in Reading and Writing
These are minimum thresholds to be eligible, not a score that wins you an invitation. Reaching CLB 9 in all four abilities is where Express Entry starts paying you properly, because it unlocks the higher skill transferability points.
One trap worth naming. Your CELPIP score report shows an Average Score. IRCC does not use it, and it does not correspond to a CLB level. IRCC reads your four individual ability scores. Never enter the average anywhere in your profile.
How to book your CELPIP test
Step 1. Decide which version you need. CELPIP General for permanent residence. CELPIP General LS only if your sole purpose is citizenship.
Step 2. Sort out your identification before you pay. You must register using the exact same identification document you will physically carry into the test centre, and the name and document number must match exactly.
Step 3. Open the official test date finder at celpip.ca to see available centres and sittings.
Step 4. Create or sign in to your CELPIP account. Everything happens there: booking, transfers, results and re evaluation requests.
Step 5. Choose your country, city, test centre, date and time.
Step 6. Select the correct test purpose. If you are testing for Canadian immigration, select the Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) purpose. Choosing a non immigration purpose can produce a score report that is not valid for IRCC.
Step 7. Enter your personal details exactly as they appear on your identification. Do not abbreviate, do not reorder your names, and do not invent a surname if your passport has only one name. Contact CELPIP for instructions before you pay.
Step 8. Pay. Your booking is not confirmed until payment clears and the confirmation email arrives.
Step 9. Read the confirmation email the same day. Check your name, the centre address and the start time while there is still time to fix an error.
Two booking rules people discover too late. There is no walk in registration, and registration for a sitting closes either one business day before the test or as soon as the sitting is full. You also may not register for more than one test session within any five calendar day period, so you cannot book a backup sitting three days after your first one.
If you need special accommodations, CELPIP asks for a minimum of two months of advance notice together with supporting medical documentation. Plan for that well before you choose a date.
Accepted identification
You must present the original document you registered with. Photocopies and scans are not accepted, and the document must be valid and unexpired.
For CELPIP purposes, immigration includes permanent residence, citizenship and the Post Graduation Work Permit. The identification list for immigration purposes is stricter than the general one.
Country
Accepted identification for immigration purposes
Canada
Passport booklet, Refugee Travel Document, Canadian Permanent Resident Card, Refugee Protection Identity Document, Canadian Refugee Protection Claimant Document, United States Passport Card
United States
Passport booklet, Refugee Travel Document, United States Passport Card
United Arab Emirates
Passport booklet, Refugee Travel Document, Emirates ID
Pakistan
Passport booklet, Refugee Travel Document, valid physical CNIC, subject to scanning requirements
In Canada, a provincial driver's licence is accepted only for non immigration purposes. So are provincial identity cards and health cards. If you are testing for IRCC, bring your passport. This single mistake is the most common reason a Canadian test taker ends up with a score report they cannot use.
If you need to change the name, date of birth or document number on your registration, you must request it at least seven days before the sitting. Turn up with details that do not match and you can be refused entry with no refund and no transfer.
Cancellations and transfers
Timing
Result
Cancel at least 7 calendar days before the test
50 percent of the registration fee is refunded
Cancel fewer than 7 calendar days before the test
No refund
Transfer to another date
Must be requested at least 7 calendar days before the original test date
Your first transfer is free. Each subsequent transfer costs CAD $50 plus applicable taxes, or the local equivalent.
Test day rules
Arrive 45 minutes before your scheduled test time. Check in closes 15 minutes before the start. Latecomers are denied entrance and are not eligible for a refund or a transfer.
Bring the original identification you registered with, plus your confirmation email.
Expect to hear other test takers typing and speaking during the Speaking component. CELPIP treats this as a normal test room condition, so practise with background noise rather than in silence.
The clock does not stop for washroom breaks. If you are away from your workstation for longer than 20 minutes, your test is terminated.
If anything goes wrong, a technical fault, a disruption, a noisy neighbour, report it to centre staff immediately and then file a formal report through your CELPIP account within 24 hours of the test or before scores are released, whichever comes first. Complaints raised after your scores appear are far harder to act on.
Results and validity
Scores appear in your CELPIP account within a few business days. CELPIP publishes both 2 to 4 business days and 3 to 4 business days on different pages, so plan around four business days and treat anything faster as a bonus. You will get an email when they are ready, and you download the official score report as a PDF. Hard copy score reports have been discontinued. Your results remain viewable in your account for two years.
CELPIP results are valid for two years. For Express Entry that validity is measured twice: your results must be less than two years old when you create your profile and still less than two years old when you submit the permanent residence application itself. IRCC will refuse an application submitted with expired results. If your test is approaching its second birthday and you are holding an invitation, that is the moment to act.
For citizenship the rule is more forgiving. IRCC accepts expired test results for citizenship, provided the scores meet the requirement.
Re evaluation
If you believe a component was misjudged, you can request a re evaluation through your CELPIP account within six months of the test date. There is a limit of one re evaluation per component, results usually arrive in one to two weeks, and the request cannot be cancelled once submitted.
CELPIP itself says a re evaluation of Listening or Reading is unlikely to change anything, because those components are computer rated. Writing is now scored by a hybrid system combining automated and human rating. Speaking and Writing are where a re evaluation has any realistic chance of moving your level.
Questions people actually ask
Q: Why does my score report say it is not valid for IRCC?
Almost always because the wrong test purpose was selected at registration, or because the identification used was a document that CELPIP only accepts for non immigration purposes, such as a Canadian driver's licence.
Q: For citizenship, is CELPIP General LS enough?
Yes. IRCC accepts CELPIP General LS or the full CELPIP General for citizenship, and applicants aged 18 to 54 need 4 or higher in Listening and Speaking.
Q: Can I arrive 30 minutes early instead of 45?
No. Arrival is 45 minutes before the scheduled time and check in closes 15 minutes before the start. Late arrivals are refused entry with no refund.
Q: My passport shows only one name. What do I enter as the family name?
Do not invent one and do not repeat your given name. Contact CELPIP before you pay and follow their written instruction, because the registration has to match the document exactly.
Q: Can I combine my best scores from two different CELPIP sittings?
No. Use one complete result. You cannot take Listening from one sitting and Speaking from another.
Q: Can I book two sittings a few days apart as a backup?
No. You may not register for more than one test session within five calendar days.
Q: I am fluent in English. Do I still need to prepare?
Yes, and this is where strong speakers lose points. CELPIP is a timed computer interface with specific task types. Fluency does not teach you the format. Work through the free practice material so that test day is not the first time you meet the timer.
Q: Is CELPIP accepted in Quebec?
Not for Quebec's own immigration programs. Quebec does not designate CELPIP General for those. If Quebec is your destination, confirm which test the relevant program requires before you book anything.
Q: Why trust KGraph?
With a 98% success rate, over 10,000 clients served, and a 4.9 Google rating, KGraph Immigration provides expert guidance you can rely on.
Details like these are where applications come apart. Our consultants have handled these documents for over a decade, and we can check yours before you file.
Related Articles
Language Tests: Which Test to Book Read more →
How to Book TCF Canada for Immigration Read more →
PTE Core for Express Entry: How to Book Read more →
Prepared by KGraph Immigration. Last updated July 2026. General information, not legal advice.
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Before anything else, read this, because it is the most expensive mistake you can make with TEF Canada.
IN THIS GUIDE
What TEF Canada is
Converting your TEF score to NCLC
What score you actually need
How TEF Canada converts into CRS points
How to book
Getting your results
Common mistakes
Questions people actually ask
Your TEF Canada certificate shows your results in more than one column. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada only accepts the scores in the column marked "Équivalence ancien score" (previous score equivalency). The certificate ALSO shows a column marked "Score / 699". Do not enter those numbers into your Express Entry profile. IRCC states plainly that they are not compatible with its system, and that if you do not enter the correct scores, it may refuse your application (canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/documents/language-test.html).
People lose applications over this. It is a data entry error with permanent consequences.
And one more rule that catches people out before they even sit down: all your tests must be taken on the same day, or your certificate will not be recognised by the Canadian authorities (lefrancaisdesaffaires.fr). You cannot retake one weak module and staple that score onto three results from an earlier sitting. If you want a better score in one skill, you sit the whole thing again.
At KGraph Immigration we have guided more than 10,000 clients through the Canadian system, with a 98% success rate and a 4.9 Google rating. French is the single biggest lever most candidates have in Express Entry, and TEF Canada is the most common way to prove it.
What TEF Canada is
TEF Canada is the Test d'évaluation de français. It is administered by CCI Paris Île-de-France through Le français des affaires, and it has been recognised by IRCC since 2002. It is one of two French tests IRCC accepts for Express Entry, the other being TCF Canada.
Your certificate reports a score for each part on a scale of 699, and it also reports the NCLC equivalence level for each part. NCLC is the French counterpart to the Canadian Language Benchmarks. IRCC works in NCLC levels, not raw scores.
How many tests you sit depends on why you are applying
This is the part most guides get wrong. Immigration and citizenship are not the same test.
Applying for
Tests you must take
Immigration to Canada (Express Entry and other federal economic programs)
All 4: reading, listening, writing, speaking
Canadian citizenship
Only 2: listening and speaking
If you only need citizenship, do not pay for four modules. And in both cases, every test you sit must be on the same day.
What each test actually involves
Exact format and timings, from the test owner (lefrancaisdesaffaires.fr).
Test
Content
Duration
Format
Reading comprehension (compréhension écrite)
40 questions
1 hour
Multiple choice. Correct answer +1, wrong or blank 0
Listening comprehension (compréhension orale)
40 questions
40 minutes
Multiple choice. Correct answer +1, wrong or blank 0
Written expression (expression écrite)
2 sections
1 hour
Section A, 25 minutes: continue an article, minimum 80 words. Section B, 35 minutes: express and justify a point of view, minimum 200 words
Oral expression (expression orale)
2 sections
15 minutes total
Section A, 5 minutes: obtaining information. Section B, 10 minutes: presenting an argument to convince
Note the marking on the multiple choice papers: a wrong answer scores the same as no answer, zero. There is no negative marking. So never leave a question blank. Guess.
Converting your TEF score to NCLC
This is IRCC's official conversion table. Use the "Équivalence ancien score" numbers from your certificate.
NCLC level
Speaking (expression orale)
Listening (compréhension de l'oral)
Reading (compréhension de l'écrit)
Writing (expression écrite)
10
393 to 450
316 to 360
263 to 300
393 to 450
9
371 to 392
298 to 315
248 to 262
371 to 392
8
349 to 370
280 to 297
233 to 247
349 to 370
7
310 to 348
249 to 279
207 to 232
310 to 348
6
271 to 309
217 to 248
181 to 206
271 to 309
5
226 to 270
181 to 216
151 to 180
226 to 270
4
181 to 225
145 to 180
121 to 150
181 to 225
What score you actually need
Program
Minimum
Federal Skilled Worker, first official language
NCLC 7 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Worker, second official language
NCLC 5 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Trades
NCLC 5 in speaking and listening, NCLC 4 in reading and writing
Canadian Experience Class, NOC TEER 0 or 1
NCLC 7 in all four abilities
Canadian Experience Class, NOC TEER 2 or 3
NCLC 5 in all four abilities
Canadian citizenship
CLB 4 in speaking and listening
Mobilité Francophone
CLB 5
How TEF Canada converts into points
For the Federal Skilled Worker Program, your first official language is worth a maximum of 24 points.
NCLC level
Points per ability
7
4
8
5
9 and above
6
Add your four abilities for your subtotal. If French is your second official language and you reach NCLC 5 or above in all four abilities, add 4 points. Fall below NCLC 5 in even one ability and you get zero for your second language. It is all four or nothing.
This is why French is such a powerful lever. Strong French can also qualify you for French language category based draws, which have had significantly lower cutoffs than general draws.
How to book
Find your nearest approved centre using the official centre finder (lefrancaisdesaffaires.fr/en/trouver-un-centre-agree/). There are roughly 500 official centres across more than 110 countries.
Register directly with that centre. You do not book through IRCC and you do not need a third party agent.
Pay the centre. Fees are set by each individual centre rather than centrally, so the price varies by country and by centre. Confirm the exact fee with your centre before committing.
Prepare, at home, online, or at a test centre.
Sit all your tests on the same day.
Registering means you accept the centre's registration and examination conditions, so read them before you pay.
Getting your results
Results arrive in approximately 2 weeks. The testing organisation issues an electronic copy showing your score and the NCLC equivalence level for each component.
The two year rule
Your certificate is valid for 2 years from the date of issue.
For Express Entry, your results must be less than 2 years old at two separate moments:
when you complete your Express Entry profile, and
when you submit your application for permanent residence
Both. Not one or the other. If you apply for permanent residence with expired language results, IRCC will refuse your application.
If your results will expire while you are sitting in the pool, your options are to retake the test, to apply before they expire, or to decline an invitation and go back into the pool.
If you tested between December 2023 and May 2024
If you took TEF Canada between 11 December 2023 and 6 May 2024, check your profile now.
CCI temporarily modified the NCLC scoring to reflect raw scores during that window. That change has since been reverted to the scoring grid IRCC currently uses. If you were affected, CCI emailed you with your updated score.
You must update your Express Entry profile with the corrected scoring. If you do not, and you are invited to apply, your application could be refused on the basis of incorrect language scores. If you have been invited but not yet submitted, update your scores now, and if you no longer meet the criteria, decline that invitation.
If you have a disability
If a disability prevents you from completing one or more sections, IRCC provides a language averaging tool to produce averaged scores for the abilities you could not complete. Use those averaged scores in your profile. IRCC will verify both the averaged scores and the test results you submit.
Common mistakes
Entering the Score / 699 numbers instead of the Équivalence ancien score column. IRCC may refuse your application for it. This is the big one.
Splitting your tests across different days. All tests must be sat on the same day or the certificate will not be recognised by Canadian authorities.
Trying to retake just one weak module. You cannot combine a new score for one skill with older scores for the others. It is the whole test again.
Paying for four modules when applying for citizenship. Citizenship needs only listening and speaking.
Leaving multiple choice questions blank. A wrong answer scores zero, exactly the same as no answer. There is no penalty for guessing, so never leave one empty.
Assuming any TEF works. It must be TEF Canada specifically.
Letting results expire mid process. Valid at profile creation AND at submission, or the application is refused.
Ignoring the December 2023 to May 2024 rescoring. Some profiles are still carrying the wrong scores today.
Falling below NCLC 5 in one ability as a second language. One weak skill wipes out the entire 4 point bonus.
Questions people actually ask
Q: Which column on my certificate do I enter into Express Entry?
The "Équivalence ancien score" column, and only that column. Do not enter the "Score / 699" numbers. IRCC says they are not compatible with its system and that entering the wrong scores may lead to refusal.
Q: Can I retake just the one module I did badly in?
No. All tests must be taken on the same day for the certificate to be recognised by Canadian authorities. To improve one skill you must sit the whole test again.
Q: I only want citizenship. Do I really need all four tests?
No. Citizenship requires only two, listening and speaking, at CLB 4.
Q: Should I guess on the multiple choice questions?
Yes. A wrong answer and a blank answer both score zero. There is no negative marking, so there is no reason to leave anything blank.
Q: How long until I get my results, and how long are they good for?
Results arrive in approximately 2 weeks. Your certificate is valid for 2 years from the date of issue.
Q: How much does TEF Canada cost?
Fees are set by each individual test centre rather than centrally, so they vary by country. Confirm the exact fee directly with the centre you book with.
Q: Is TEF Canada worth it if English is already my strong language?
Often, yes. French as a second official language adds 4 points if you reach NCLC 5 across all four abilities, and stronger French can qualify you for French language category based draws, which have had notably lower cutoffs. Speak to a consultant about whether it changes your position.
Details like these are where applications come apart. Our consultants have handled these documents for over a decade, and we can check yours before you file.
Related Articles
How to Book TCF Canada for Immigration Read more →
PTE Core for Express Entry: How to Book Read more →
Language Tests: Which Test to Book Read more →
Prepared by KGraph Immigration. Last updated July 2026. General information, not legal advice.
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PTE Core is an English language test accepted by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, or IRCC, for Express Entry. It may also be accepted for other Canadian immigration purposes, depending on the program. This guide explains how to confirm that PTE Core is the right test, book it through Pearson, prepare for test day, understand your results, and avoid common booking mistakes.
IN THIS GUIDE
Confirm PTE Core Is the Right Test
Understand Scores and Timing
Create Your Pearson Account
Prepare Your Identification Before You Book
Book PTE Core
Change, Cancel, or Reschedule a PTE Core Appointment
Prepare for PTE Core
Prepare and Attend Test Day
Use Your PTE Core Result
If Your Result Is Lower Than Your Target
Common PTE Core Questions
Confirm PTE Core Is the Right Test
For Express Entry, IRCC accepts only PTE Core. Do not book PTE Academic, PTE Academic UKVI, PTE Home, or any other Pearson test version for an Express Entry profile. If you are applying through a Provincial Nominee Program, family sponsorship, citizenship, or another pathway, check the current official requirements for that specific program before booking.
Check before booking
Why it matters
Your immigration pathway
Express Entry accepts PTE Core. Other programs may have different language requirements.
Test name shown during booking
The booking page must say PTE Core.
Your planned application timing
IRCC requires results to be less than two years old when you create your Express Entry profile and when you submit a permanent residence application.
Your target language level
Your target depends on the program, job classification, and whether English is your first or second official language.
Important: Booking the wrong PTE test can make the result unusable for Express Entry. Check the test name before payment and again in your booking confirmation.
Understand Scores and Timing
PTE Core measures Listening, Reading, Speaking, and Writing. Pearson reports an overall score and separate scores for the four communicative skills. Canadian immigration programs use the Canadian Language Benchmarks, or CLB, not the overall score alone. You need to meet the required level in each relevant ability.
PTE Core detail
What to know
Test duration
Pearson describes PTE Core as a test of about two hours.
Delivery
Computer based at an authorized Pearson test centre.
Results
Pearson says results are typically available within two business days. Its Help Center advises that results can take up to five business days.
Result validity
IRCC requires the result to be less than two years old when you create an Express Entry profile and when you submit a permanent residence application.
Immigration entry
Enter the test result form or certificate number and test PIN if the Express Entry system asks for it. Use the details exactly as shown on your official report.
Express Entry Language Minimums
The table below gives the general minimum language levels. Meeting a minimum does not guarantee eligibility, an invitation, or approval. Confirm all program requirements before you apply.
Program
Minimum English level
Minimum French level
Canadian Experience Class, TEER 0 or 1 work
CLB 7 in all four abilities
NCLC 7 in all four abilities
Canadian Experience Class, TEER 2 or 3 work
CLB 5 in all four abilities
NCLC 5 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Worker Program, first official language
CLB 7 in all four abilities
NCLC 7 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Trades Program, English
CLB 5 in Speaking and Listening, CLB 4 in Reading and Writing
Not applicable
Federal Skilled Trades Program, French
Not applicable
NCLC 5 in Speaking and Listening, NCLC 4 in Reading and Writing
PTE Core to CLB Reference Table
Use this table to understand how Pearson PTE Core scores align with CLB levels. Your immigration application may require a specific CLB level in each ability. Confirm the current IRCC table before submitting your profile.
CLB level
Listening
Reading
Speaking
Writing
10 and above
89 and above
88 and above
89 and above
90 and above
9
82 to 88
78 to 87
84 to 88
88 to 89
8
71 to 81
69 to 77
76 to 83
79 to 87
7
60 to 70
60 to 68
68 to 75
69 to 78
6
50 to 59
51 to 59
59 to 67
60 to 68
5
39 to 49
42 to 50
51 to 58
51 to 59
4
28 to 38
33 to 41
42 to 50
41 to 50
Create Your Pearson Account
Use Pearson's official myPTE system to create an account and manage your booking. Pearson says candidates should have only one myPTE account. Creating more than one account can delay booking while the accounts are reviewed or merged.
Account step
What to do
Create one myPTE account
Use Pearson's official PTE route only. Do not create duplicate accounts.
Enter your identity details carefully
Use the details exactly as they appear on the valid identification you will present on test day.
Check your email and dashboard
Keep access to the email address used for your account and check your myPTE dashboard after you book.
Ask for help early if a name does not fit
If you have one name, a very long name, or a known mismatch between your account and ID, use Pearson support before test day.
Do not share your myPTE login with an agent or another person. Pearson warns that an official booking is made through Pearson or an authorized agent, and no one should promise a score or guaranteed result.
Prepare Your Identification Before You Book
Pearson requires valid identification on test day. The details on your booking must match your ID. Pearson says candidates should check their name, date of birth, citizenship, and gender carefully. A valid passport is the preferred identification document in most countries.
Identity check
What to confirm
Name
The booking name matches your valid ID exactly.
Date of birth
The account and ID show the same date of birth.
Citizenship and gender
These details match the information in your myPTE account.
ID validity
Your ID will still be valid on the test date.
Local rules
Check Pearson's official identification guidance for the country where you will test.
If you arrive with an ID that does not meet Pearson's rules or does not match your booking, you may not be allowed to test. Do not assume that a spelling difference or name order difference will be accepted. Contact Pearson before the appointment if anything is unclear.
Book PTE Core
Book only through Pearson's official PTE Core route or an authorized Pearson agent. Test centre availability, dates, and fees can vary by city and country, so check the current details shown in myPTE before payment.
Booking step
What to do
1. Sign in to myPTE
Use your one Pearson account.
2. Select PTE Core
Check the exact test name before continuing.
3. Search for a test centre and date
Choose a date that leaves time for preparation, results, and any possible retest.
4. Review identity details
Confirm every personal detail against the ID you will bring.
5. Pay through the official route
Do not send payment to an unverified third party.
6. Check the confirmation
Pearson says to check both your myPTE dashboard and your confirmation email. If you do not receive the email within two working days, check spam or junk mail and review your dashboard.
Before You Pay
Use the booking page to check the exact current fee, test centre, date, time, and policy that apply to your appointment. Do not rely on an old fee, a screenshot, or a price quoted for a different city.
Timing question
Practical guidance
When should I book?
Book only when you can prepare properly and still have time to receive results before your immigration deadline.
Should I choose the earliest available date?
Not necessarily. Allow time for preparation and a possible retake if your target score is important to your immigration plan.
Can I book more than one test?
Pearson rules can change. Review the current official booking and retake policy before making multiple appointments.
Change, Cancel, or Reschedule a PTE Core Appointment
Pearson's cancellation and rescheduling rules are time sensitive. Check the current policy before changing an appointment. The current Pearson policy states the following.
When you act
Current Pearson policy
More than 14 full calendar days before the test
You may reschedule without charge. Cancellation gives a full refund.
Between 14 and 7 full calendar days before the test
Cancellation gives a 50 percent refund.
7 calendar days or less before the test
No refund is provided.
Number of reschedules
Pearson permits no more than six reschedules for one appointment.
The policy can change and personal circumstances may be treated differently only under Pearson's official rules. Read the live policy before you rely on it.
Prepare for PTE Core
Preparation should match the test format and your target CLB level. Pearson provides official PTE Core format, score guide, and preparation resources. Start by understanding the task types, the timing, and the score needed in each ability.
Preparation area
What to do
Test format
Review Pearson's PTE Core test format guide before starting practice.
Official preparation
Use Pearson's PTE Core preparation resources for official preparation options.
Scoring
Read Pearson's score guide so you understand how different question types are assessed.
Target score
Use the CLB table above to identify your required score in Listening, Reading, Speaking, and Writing.
Timed practice
Practise with a timer so you can manage your time under test conditions.
Speaking
Practise speaking clearly into a headset and completing the response within the permitted time.
Reading and Writing
Practise reading accurately, following instructions, and completing written tasks within time.
Listening
Practise concentrating in a shared test room environment where other candidates may be audible.
Official materials
Use Pearson's official PTE Core resources before relying on third party preparation claims.
Prepare and Attend Test Day
Pearson advises candidates to arrive at least 30 minutes early. Check your confirmation again before leaving for the test centre and bring the valid ID that matches your booking.
Test day step
What to expect
Arrival
Arrive at least 30 minutes early for check in and security procedures.
Identity check
Pearson checks your identity against the booking details.
Security
Personal items are stored securely before the test. Follow centre instructions.
Test room
You test in a partitioned booth with a computer, keyboard, headset, notepad, and pencil. The keyboard is QWERTY.
Shared environment
Other candidates may be testing nearby. Practise staying focused even if you can hear other voices.
During the test
Read every instruction carefully and manage your time across all sections.
If you need disability related test accommodations
Review Pearson's special arrangements guidance and start the process early.
Use Your PTE Core Result
Pearson says it will email you when your score is ready. You can then sign in to myPTE, choose View Score from your homepage or My Activity, and download the report as a PDF if you want to save it.
Result step
What to do
Check the result
Review each individual communicative skill score, not only the overall score.
Compare with your target
Use the current IRCC score conversion and program requirements.
Save a copy
Download and keep a copy of your score report.
Enter the right details
Use the test result form or certificate number and test PIN if the Express Entry system asks for them.
Check validity again
Make sure the result will still be less than two years old when you submit your application.
Follow the instructions in the Express Entry profile and enter the required report details exactly as shown. Do not edit or guess any number on the report.
If Your Result Is Lower Than Your Target
A result below your target does not automatically mean you cannot continue. Review the individual skill scores, identify the lowest area, and decide whether more preparation or a retake is appropriate for your situation.
Option
What Pearson says
Retake the test
You can book another PTE test after you have received the score from your previous test. Pearson sets a maximum of 12 tests in a 12 month period unless an exception is approved.
Request a rescore
A human scorer reviews the test. The new score can go up as well as down. A rescore must be requested under Pearson's current policy.
Request a technical review
If you believe a technical issue affected your speaking score, Pearson has a separate technical review process. A technical review does not change scores.
Improve before another attempt
Use the Skills Profile and official PTE Core materials to focus your preparation.
Do not request a rescore just because one score is close to your target. Read Pearson's current policy first.
Common PTE Core Questions
Q: Is PTE Academic accepted for Express Entry?
No. IRCC accepts PTE Core for Express Entry, not PTE Academic.
Q: How long are PTE Core results valid for Express Entry?
They must be less than two years old when you create your profile and when you submit your permanent residence application.
Q: Can I use only my overall PTE score?
No. Canadian immigration requirements use language levels for individual abilities. Check your Listening, Reading, Speaking, and Writing scores.
Q: How long do PTE Core results take?
Pearson says results are typically available within two business days, but they can take up to five business days.
Q: Can I change my booking?
Yes, subject to Pearson's current cancellation and rescheduling policy. Check the exact timing before you act.
Q: What should I do if my name does not match my ID?
Contact Pearson before test day. Do not wait until you arrive at the test centre.
Q: Can I use an agent to book?
Use Pearson or an authorized agent only. Do not share your myPTE login or accept promises of a score or immigration outcome.
Official sources: IRCC Express Entry language test results | Pearson PTE Core | Pearson booking and account help | Pearson cancellation and rescheduling policy | Pearson test day guidance | Pearson scoring help | Pearson PTE Core scoring | Pearson rescore policy
Related Articles
How to Book IELTS General TrainingRead more →
How to Book CELPIPRead more →
How to Book TEF CanadaRead more →
Prepared by KGraph Immigration. Last updated July 2026. General information, not legal advice.
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TCF Canada is a French language test accepted by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, or IRCC, for Express Entry. It may also be accepted for other Canadian immigration purposes, depending on the program. This guide explains how to choose the correct TCF test, register through an approved centre, prepare for all four compulsory components, manage your result, and avoid common registration mistakes.
IN THIS GUIDE
Confirm TCF Canada Is the Right Test
Understand Scores and Timing
Plan Your Test Date Carefully
Choose an Approved Centre
Register for TCF Canada
Prepare for All Four Compulsory Tests
Prepare and Attend Test Day
Use Your TCF Canada Result
If Your Result Is Lower Than Your Target
Common TCF Canada Questions
Confirm TCF Canada Is the Right Test
For Express Entry, IRCC accepts TCF Canada. Do not assume that another TCF product is automatically accepted. TCF tout public is a different French language test for academic, professional, or personal purposes. If you are applying through a Provincial Nominee Program, citizenship, or another pathway, check the current official requirements for that specific program before registering.
Check before registering
Why it matters
Your immigration pathway
Express Entry accepts TCF Canada. Other programs may have different requirements.
Test name on the centre registration form
The registration must say TCF Canada.
Your planned application timing
IRCC requires results to be less than two years old when you create an Express Entry profile and when you submit a permanent residence application.
Your target French level
The target depends on the program, job classification, and whether French is your first or second official language.
Important: Registering for the wrong TCF product can leave you with a result that does not meet the Express Entry language test requirement. Confirm the exact test name before you pay.
Understand Scores and Timing
TCF Canada has four mandatory components: Listening comprehension, Reading comprehension, Written skills, and Verbal skills. France Éducation International states that all four are compulsory and that the total assessment lasts 2 hours and 47 minutes.
Component
Official format
Duration
Listening comprehension
39 multiple choice questions, with 4 possible answers and 1 correct answer
35 minutes
Reading comprehension
39 multiple choice questions, with 1 correct answer
60 minutes
Written skills
3 exercises
60 minutes
Verbal skills
One to one test with an examiner, with 3 exercises and 2 minutes of preparation
12 minutes
The centre will tell you whether your session is on paper or computer. France Éducation International says that all TCF versions and tests can be available on computer, except the verbal skills test, which is completed face to face with an examiner. The availability of a computer session depends on the centre.
Express Entry Language Minimums
IRCC uses the Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadien, or NCLC, to assess French language ability. The table below gives general program minimums. Meeting a minimum does not guarantee eligibility, an invitation, or approval. Confirm all program requirements before you apply.
Program
Minimum English level
Minimum French level
Canadian Experience Class, TEER 0 or 1 work
CLB 7 in all four abilities
NCLC 7 in all four abilities
Canadian Experience Class, TEER 2 or 3 work
CLB 5 in all four abilities
NCLC 5 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Worker Program, first official language
CLB 7 in all four abilities
NCLC 7 in all four abilities
Federal Skilled Trades Program, English
CLB 5 in Speaking and Listening, CLB 4 in Reading and Writing
Not applicable
Federal Skilled Trades Program, French
Not applicable
NCLC 5 in Speaking and Listening, NCLC 4 in Reading and Writing
TCF Canada to NCLC Reference Table
Use this table to understand how TCF Canada scores align with NCLC levels. Your immigration application may require a specific NCLC level in each ability. Confirm the current IRCC table before submitting an Express Entry profile.
NCLC level
Speaking, expression orale
Listening, compréhension de l'oral
Reading, compréhension de l'écrit
Writing, expression écrite
10 and above
16 to 20
549 to 699
549 to 699
16 to 20
9
14 to 15
523 to 548
524 to 548
14 to 15
8
12 to 13
503 to 522
499 to 523
12 to 13
7
10 to 11
458 to 502
453 to 498
10 to 11
6
7 to 9
398 to 457
406 to 452
7 to 9
5
6
369 to 397
375 to 405
6
4
4 to 5
331 to 368
342 to 374
4 to 5
Plan Your Test Date Carefully
For Express Entry, your language test result must be less than two years old when you create your profile and when you submit a permanent residence application. France Éducation International states that a TCF Canada certificate is valid for two years from the date the results are issued.
TCF Canada sessions are organized throughout the year, but dates depend on what each approved centre can offer. France Éducation International sends results to the centre within 15 working days after it receives the papers. Build in time for preparation, a suitable session date, result handling, and any possible second attempt.
Before you register
Why it matters
Confirm that TCF Canada is the test you need
It prevents you from registering for a different TCF product.
Check the current NCLC requirement for your program
The required level can differ by program and work category.
Choose a date that leaves time for preparation and results
Your result must remain valid at both required Express Entry stages.
Contact an approved centre directly
The centre provides current dates, cost, location, format, and registration instructions.
Check the centre's rules before paying
Cancellation, transfer, identification, and collection arrangements can be centre specific.
Raise accommodation needs early
This gives the centre and France Éducation International time to explain the current process.
Choose an Approved Centre
France Éducation International directs candidates to contact an approved TCF centre near their home. The centre is responsible for explaining current session dates, the registration process, test location, delivery format, local cost, and materials for the session.
Use the official TCF Canada page and approved centre map. Do not rely on an informal message, an old social media post, or an unverified registration website.
Question to ask the centre
Why you should ask it
Is this session specifically TCF Canada?
This confirms that you are registering for the IRCC accepted test.
What dates are available and when does registration close?
Session availability and registration deadlines are centre specific.
Is the session on paper or computer?
Delivery method can depend on the centre and session.
What ID and documents must I bring?
Identification requirements must be confirmed before you pay.
What is the current local fee and payment method?
Cost is set locally and can change.
What are the cancellation, transfer, and absence rules?
France Éducation International does not publish one global cancellation policy for every centre.
How and when will I collect my certificate?
The certificate is collected from the centre where you test.
What is the accommodation process?
Candidates needing special arrangements should start early.
Centre specific policy warning: Do not copy a cancellation, refund, or transfer rule from another test provider. Obtain your selected centre's current policy in writing before you pay.
Register for TCF Canada
Registration step
What to do
1. Open the official TCF Canada page
Start with France Éducation International's approved information.
2. Find an approved TCF centre
Use the official approved centre map.
3. Contact the centre directly
Ask the questions in the table above.
4. Confirm the exact test name
Confirm the session is TCF Canada.
5. Review your registration details
Check your name, date of birth, identity document details, date, time, location, and session format.
6. Read the centre's terms before payment
Check current fee, change, cancellation, absence, and certificate collection terms.
7. Keep confirmation records
Save the registration confirmation, payment record, centre instructions, and contact details.
8. Arrange accommodations early if needed
Follow France Éducation International's disability guidance and the centre's instructions.
Prepare for All Four Compulsory Tests
TCF Canada is not based on one prescribed course. France Éducation International explains that it assesses French language skills and general ability to use French. The official preparation guidance recommends reviewing the format and duration, learning how a session works, completing sample tests, practising French regularly, reading instructions carefully, and managing time.
Preparation area
Practical action
Test format
Review the four compulsory components and the official duration of each one.
Official materials
Read the TCF Candidate's Manual and use official TCF example tests before relying on third party materials.
Listening comprehension
Practise listening carefully and staying focused. France Éducation International advises candidates not to waste time taking notes during multiple choice tasks.
Reading comprehension
Practise reading accurately and managing time across all questions.
Written skills
Practise completing the three written tasks within the time available.
Verbal skills
Practise responding clearly and naturally in a one to one conversation with an examiner.
Everyday French exposure
Read, watch, listen, and speak French regularly to strengthen functional French use.
Timed practice
Use a timer so you understand the pace required in each component.
Prepare and Attend Test Day
Follow the exact instructions from your approved centre. These instructions control your arrival time, identification, documents, permitted items, and session process. Review them before you travel to the centre.
Test day step
What to do
Check the centre instructions
Confirm the date, arrival time, address, ID, documents, and whether the session is on paper or computer.
Bring only required items
Follow the centre's instructions about identification, personal belongings, and permitted materials.
Read instructions carefully
France Éducation International advises candidates to pay close attention to all instructions.
Manage time
Do not spend too long on one question. Pay particular attention to timing in Reading comprehension and Written skills.
Multiple choice tasks
France Éducation International advises candidates not to waste time taking notes during multiple choice tests.
Verbal skills
Listen carefully, answer the task, and use the preparation time effectively.
Follow integrity rules
Follow the centre's and France Éducation International's candidate rules. Cheating or attempted cheating can have serious consequences.
Use Your TCF Canada Result
France Éducation International states that results are sent to the test centre within 15 working days after it receives the papers. You collect the certificate directly from the centre where you sat the TCF Canada tests.
Result step
What to do
Ask the centre about collection
Follow its instructions for when and how to collect the certificate.
Check all four result fields
Compare your Speaking, Listening, Reading, and Writing results with the current IRCC NCLC table.
Keep the original safe
France Éducation International says only one original certificate is issued. Keep a copy for your own records.
Enter the correct details in Express Entry
Use the language test result form or certificate number and test PIN if the system asks for them. Enter every result exactly as shown.
Check validity again
Confirm that your result will still be less than two years old when you submit a permanent residence application.
Do not assume that a result valid when you create your profile will still be valid later. If results expire before you apply for permanent residence, IRCC can refuse the application.
If Your Result Is Lower Than Your Target
A result below your target does not automatically mean you cannot continue. Review the four ability results separately, identify where more French preparation is needed, and decide whether another TCF Canada session is appropriate for your timing.
Next step
What to consider
Review every ability
One score can be lower than the others. Compare each result with the relevant NCLC requirement.
Improve through targeted preparation
Use the official test format, sample materials, and timed practice for the skill that needs improvement.
Contact an approved centre about another session
Dates, fees, registration timelines, and change rules are centre specific.
Protect valid results
Do not let an existing valid result expire while you decide your next step.
Common TCF Canada Questions
Q: Is TCF Canada accepted for Express Entry?
Yes. IRCC lists TCF Canada as an accepted French language test for Express Entry.
Q: Can I take TCF tout public for Express Entry?
IRCC lists TCF Canada. TCF tout public is a different product. Confirm that you are registering for TCF Canada before payment.
Q: How long does TCF Canada take?
France Éducation International states that the four compulsory components take a total of 2 hours and 47 minutes.
Q: How long do results take?
France Éducation International sends results to the test centre within 15 working days after receiving the papers. Ask your centre about its collection process.
Q: How long is a TCF Canada certificate valid?
France Éducation International says two years from the date results are issued. For Express Entry, IRCC requires the result to be less than two years old at profile creation and application submission.
Q: Can I change or cancel my appointment?
Ask your chosen centre before you pay. The centre sets its own current registration and change terms.
Q: What should I do if I need special arrangements?
Review France Éducation International's disability guidance and contact the approved centre early.
Q: Do I receive more than one original certificate?
No. France Éducation International says only one original certificate is issued, so keep a copy.
Q: What if no TCF Canada dates are available near me?
Schedules vary by approved centre, so compare the official approved centres and confirm availability directly with the selected centre.
Official sources: IRCC Express Entry language test results | France Éducation International, TCF Canada | France Éducation International, approved TCF centres | France Éducation International, TCF Candidate's Manual | France Éducation International, example TCF tests | France Éducation International, TCF tout public
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Prepared by KGraph Immigration. Last updated July 2026. General information, not legal advice.